|
|
|
|
The Supply Chain of the Palm Oil Industry in Malaysia
Oil Palm Tree
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
||||||
 |
||||||
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
 |
|
|
|||
|
|
||||||
World Production of Palm Oil ('000 tonnes)
| Country of Origin | 1990 | 1995 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 |
| Malaysia | 6,095 | 7,811 | 10,554 | 10,800 | 11,804 |
|
Indonesia |
2,413 | 4,480 | 6,250 | 6.900 | 7,480 |
| Nigeria | 580 | 660 | 720 | 740 | 750 |
| Colombia | 226 | 387 | 500 | 516 | 547 |
| Cote d'Ivoire | 270 | 285 | 282 | 290 | 275 |
|
Thailand |
232 | 354 | 475 | 510 | 535 |
| Ecuador | 120 | 180 | 230 | 215 | 240 |
| Papua New Guinea | 145 | 223 | 260 | 281 | 325 |
|
Others |
786 | 1,097 | 1,339 | 1,699 | 1,226 |
| Total | 10,867 | 15,477 | 20,610 | 21,951 | 23,182 |
| World production of palm oil In 2001, the world’s production of palm oil was 23.18 million tones or 19.8% of the total production of 17 oils and fats, making it the second most important oil after soyoil. Palm oil has achieved impressive growth in production and exports in the last few decades; production had doubled from 1990 to 2001 (Table 3). In terms of exports, palm oil is the most widely traded oil, accounting for 45.6% of the world’s exports of 17 oils and fats in 2001. In 2001 Malaysia was still the largest producer of palm oil, contributing about 11.80 million tones or 50.9% of total production, while Indonesia produced about 7.5 million tones or 32.3%. Malaysia is also the world’s largest exporter of palm oil, accounting for about 61.1% |
| ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations | |
| AVOC ASEAN Vegetable Oils Club | |
| BMP Best Management Practice | |
| BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand | |
| COD Chemical Oxygen Demand | |
| CPKO Crude Palm Kernel Oil | |
| CPO Crude Palm Oil | |
| DOE Department of Environment Malaysia | |
| ECD Environment Conservation Department, Sabah | |
| EFB Empty Fruit Bunches | |
| EIA Environmental Impact Assessment | |
| EMPA East Malaysia Planters Association | |
| EMS Environment Management System | |
| ENGO Environmental Non-Governmental Organization | |
| EPF Employees Provident Fund | |
| EQA Environment Quality Act | |
| EQC Environment Quality Council | |
| ESOS Employees/Executive Share Option Scheme | |
| FELCRA Federal Land Consolidation & Rehabilitation Authority | |
| FELDA Federal Land Development Authority | |
| FFB Fresh fruit bunches | |
| FOSFA Federation of Oils, Seeds and Fats Associations | |
| GHPB Golden Hope Plantations Berhad | |
| IASC International Association of Seed Crushers | |
| IOI IOI Corporation Berhad | |
| IPM Integrated Pest Management | |
| ISP Incorporated Society of Planters | |
| JKAS Jabatan Konservasi Alam Sekitar | |
| KER Kernel extraction rate | |
| KGB Kumpulan Guthrie Berhad | |
| KLK Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad | |
| KLSE Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange | |
| LSE London Stock Exchange | |
| MEOA Malaysian Estate Owners Association | |
| MEOMA Malayan Edible Oil Manufacturers’ Association | |
| MNS Malaysian Nature Society | |
| MOMG Malaysian Oliochemicals Manufacturers Group | |
| MOPGC Malaysian Oil Palm Growers Council | |
| MoU Memorandum of Understanding | |
| MAPA Malaysian Agricultural Producers’ Association | |
| MITI Ministry of International Trade and Industry | |
| MOF Ministry of Finance | |
| MOSTE Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment | |
| MPI Ministry of Primary Industries | |
| MPOA Malaysian Palm Oil Association | |
| MPOB Malaysian Palm Oil Board | |
| MPOPC Malaysian Palm Oil Promotion Council | |
| NACRA National Annual Corporate Reports Award | |
| NASH National Association of Smallholders | |
| NIOP National Institute of Oil Seeds Products | |
| NREB Natural Resources and Environment Board | |
| OER Oil Extraction Rate | |
| PfW Partners for Wetlands | |
| PK Palm Kernel | |
| PNB Permodalan Nasional Berhad (National Equity Corporation) | |
| POMA Palm Oil Millers Association | |
| POME Palm Oil Mill Effluent | |
| POPF Palm Oil Promotional Fund | |
| PORAM Palm Oil Refiners Association of Malaysia | |
| POTFE Palm Oil Task Force on Environment | |
| PPBOP PPB Oil Palms Berhad | |
| RGA Rubber Growers’ Association | |
| RISDA Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority | |
| SALCRA Sarawak Land Rehabilitation and Consolidation Authority | |
| The Palm Oil Industry in Malaysia: From Seed to Frying Pan | |
| SLDB Sabah Land Development Board | |
| TQEM Total Quality and Environment Management | |
| UNEP United Nations Environment Programme | |
| UPAM United Planting Association of Malaysia | |
| UPB United Plantations Berhad | |
| UPM Universiti Putra Malaysia | |
| WWFM World Wide Fund for Nature Malaysia |
| Fresh fruit bunches (FFB) Cross section of a fruit let Production of tenera (DxP) planting material Variety of palm oil-based food products Confectionery products containing palm-based cocoa butter substitutes Immature oil palm with full cover of leguminous cover crops Barn owls for rat control Stakeholder advisory booklet on integrated pest management Harvesting of FFB Mechanized in-field collection of FFB using the ‘grabber’ Fatty Acid Compositions of Palm Oil Products, Soy Oil and Coconut Oil Food Uses of Palm Oil Products World Production of Palm Oil World Major Exporters of Palm Oil Projected Production of Palm Oil Major Importers of Palm Oil Growth in Area Planted with Oil Palm in Malaysia Distribution of Oil Palm Area by State Production of Crude Palm Oil in Malaysia Number of Oil Mills, Refineries and Palm Kernel Crushing Factories in Operation in in Malaysia Distribution of Oil Palm Planted Area Oil Palm Areas of Major Plantation Companies in Malaysia Downstream Production Activities of Plantation Companies Major Importers of Malaysian Palm Oil Industry Organisations Oil Palm Yields and Yield Potential Oil Palm Planted Area (ha) in Malaysia Production of Crude Palm Oil by States in Processes in the Production of Fresh Fruit Bunches NREB’s EIA Process Palm Oil Milling Process Palm Oil Refining Process Major players in the palm oil supply chain in Malaysia Linkages among major players in the palm oil supply chain in Malaysia – Organizational relationships Linkages among major players in the palm oil supply chain in Malaysia – Environmental Aspects |
| A global growing demand for edible oils
resulted in an increase in the oil crops cultivation of soybean and oil palm.
Soybean : In the last decade, the four main soybean growing countries recorded a 92% increase production and 66% increase planting area.
The four main soybean growing countries are : Oil Palm : Production of palm oil has also seen significant leaps in production and planting areas. World production had almost doubled from 1990 to 2001, with Malaysia and Indonesia contributing to most of the increased production. The rapid expansion of both crops had resulted in the conversion of High Conservation Value Forests1 (HCVFs) in South America, including parts of the Amazon and in South-East Asia. As world production of palm oil and soyoil is expected to continue to increase at the current pace, there is a growing concern that this expansion would result in conversion of a large proportion of the remaining HCVFs in the tropics. The supply chain of the palm oil industry in Malaysia.
The Oil Palm Industry in Malaysia is grouped into clusters covering
: 3.38 million hectares of oil palm planted in Malaysia in 2000 as following :
1) 60% are private ownership, particularly
by
plantation companies, FELDA : The largest upstream player is the Federal Land Development Authority (Felda) which was established in 1956 with the socio-economic mandate of developing Malaysia agricultural land for the rural poor and landless. Felda accounts for 17.7% of the total planted area and 20.6% of the palm oil produced in Malaysia in 2001. Plantation companies vary in size from a few hundred hectares to more than 100,000 hectares.
The 4 largest companies in Malaysia in terms of planted area are
: Colonial Era - Many present day plantation companies have their beginnings in the colonial era at the turn of the 20th century when English and other European entrepreneurs transformed forest land into tea and coffee and rubber estates.
Amongst the ‘old’ colonial companies are Since the 1970s, several ‘home grown’ companies have entered the industry, the most notable example being IOI Corporation Berhad which started form zero base in 1983 to become one of the largest plantation companies today. The equity of plantation companies in the country is largely under Malaysian ownership, the largest investors being the national equity corporation, Permodalan Nasional Berhad (PNB) and the Employees Provident Fund (EPF). PNB has substantial holdings in seven major plantation companies while EPF which provide retirement benefits for its members has made substantial investments in more than 14 plantation companies listed on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. Only a few companies have substantial controlling foreign shareholding, examples being United Plantations Berhad and Pamol Plantatins Sdn Bhd (recently announced to dispose all its plantations in the Malaysia) Besides production of crude palm oil, many companies are also involved in downstream production activities along the supply chain, such as palm oil refining, production of edible oil and palm-based products and manufacture of basic oleo chemicals. The larger companies have also expanded their downstream operations offshore by establishing palm oil refineries in consuming countries such as India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, China and Egypt. Recently, two plantation companies established their presence in edible oils in Europe; Golden Hope Plantations Berhad acquired Unlilever’s Unimills BV which is second largest processor of edible oils in Europe while IOI Corporation Berhad took control of Loders Croklaan BV, a global producer and supplier of specialty oils and fats. Moving in the opposite direction, several companies have ventured into establishment of oil palm plantations off-shore, particularly in Indonesia to take advantage of the availability of land and workers and lower cost of production. The biggest player in this context is Kumpulan Guthrie Berhad which acquired about 200,000 hectares in Minamas Plantations in 2001.
The diverse interests of upstream and downstream producers of palm oil and
palm
products are represented by a number of industry organizations. The 3 principal
organizations are : MPOA - the plantation owners’ association with 100+ members of more than 1.4 million hectares oil palm trees. This amounts to 70% of the area under private ownership. MPOA’s mission is to ensure the long term profitability and growth of the Malaysian palm oil industry. MPOB - responsible for research and development and for regulatory and licensing functions of palm oil industry. MPOPC - to promote Malaysian palm oil. Its activities focused on marketing communications, technical marketing and market promotion locally and in several edible oil consuming countries. Increasing pressures from stakeholders on environmental issues resulted in forming of two national committees to address the concerns raised. 1) MPOA has set up the Working Committee on Environment - The MPOA committee has a broader scope of work including the development, and promotion of best management practices. 2) MPOPC has established the Palm Oil Task force on the Environment - MPOPC’s Task Force to focus on production of communication materials to project the positive attributes of the industry with regard to the environment and sustainable development. |
CHINESE VERSION | |
| The Oil Palm Tree The Palm Oil - Food and Non-food Applications of the Oil |
| Palm Oil Production in Malaysia Palm Oil Industry in Malaysia - POIC Palm Oil Industrial Cluster |
| Production of Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) Production of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Palm Kernel Oil Production of Refined Edible Palm Oil |
| Palm Oil Upstream Producers Palm Oil Downstream Producers Palm Oil Exporters/Importers Palm Oil Industry Organisations Government Palm Oil Agencies |
|
|
   |
|
Photo above : Worker harvesting palm oil fruits in a Malaysian plantation
| Malaysia’s oil palm industry faced with two problems :
1) Lack of manpower resources 90% of the manual workers in Sabah's oil palm plantations are Indonesian workers employed to do harvesting, weeding and other plantation maintenance works. The work is tough, long hours and lowly-paid. The Ganoderma Basal Stem Rot (BSR) disease is caused by bracket fungus Ganoderma. It is lethal and incurable for more than 50 years now. During replanting, if the old oil palm trunks are left to rot on the ground, various fruiting bodies of Ganoderma may be produced and thrive. Ganoderma Basal Stem Rot (BSR) is fast becoming a major threat to oil palm cultivation and palm oil production in Malaysia. It is difficult to control the spread of basal stem rot fungus disease. In oil palms, the main causal agent of this disease is the fungus Ganoderma species. This major agricultural problem particularly found in oil palm and coconut plantations. It can cause half of the plant mortality in palm population in seriously affected areas within 10 years of attack.
BSR disease field observations carried out in Indonesia on a series of planting materials shown that differences in susceptibility to the disease have been detected within Elaeis guineensis and Elaeis oleifera. Within Elaeis guineensis, material of Deli origin is highly susceptible compared to material of African origin. |
|
|
For more Palm Oil information in Malaysia, please contact :
External links
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
| PALM KERNEL CAKE (PKC) Palm kernel cake (PKC) is a by-product of oil extraction from palm kernel. This by-product is ever increasing due to the increasing growth of the oil palm industry in Asia and Africa. Malaysia in 2001 alone, produced 1.4 million tones of palm kernel oil together with 1.6 million tones of Palm kernel cake (PKC) as its by product from 3 million tones of palm kernel Currently, most of the Palm kernel cake (PKC) produced in Malaysia is exported at a low price to Europe for use as cattle feed concentrates in dairy cows. Palm kernel cake (PKC) is an established feed ingredient for ruminants, supplying valuable dietary sources of protein, energy and fiber. Palm kernel cake (PKC) has also been successfully tested in poultry feeds at low levels of incorporation. The low cost and availability of Palm kernel cake (PKC) in many tropical countries where aquaculture is practiced have recently generated much interest in its potential use in fish diets. |
|
Palm oil mill
effluent (POME). POME is the wastewater from palm oil industry. It is a colloidal suspension which is 95-96% water, 0.6-0.7% oil and 4-5% total solids including 2-4% suspended solids originating in the mixing of sterilizer condensate, separator sludge and hydrocyclone wastewater. POME contains 4,000 mg dm-3 of oil and grease, which is relatively high compared to the limit of only 50 mg dm-3 set by the Malaysian Department of Environment |
 |
|
Empty fruit bunch from an palm oil mill in Malaysia |
Two methods of composting empty fruit bunches (EFB) of oil palm :
Ingredients used for composting in The OPEN and CLOSED methods
| Open Method | Closed Method |
| 1)Mixtures of EFB, 2)fermentation liquid waste and 3)chicken manure in open method | 1)EFB, 2)palm oil mill effluent and 3)chicken manure in closed method |
| Natural aeration was carried out in the open system | Vontrolled aeration in the closed system. |
| Windrow piles of 1mt for the open system | Windrow piles of 80 mt for the closed system |
| For the open system, the EFB were cut into pieces. | For the closed system, the EFB were reduced in size by a hammer mill. |
| The composting process progressed at a reasonable rate, being faster for the open than the closed system. | The distribution of moisture during composting was uneven in the closed system. This resulted in uneven biological activity. |
| A C/N ratio of 16 was achieved in 50 days in open method | A C/N ratio of 16 was achieved in 85 days in closed method |
| Suggest fertilizer schedule
considered satisfactory for oil palm as following.
Mg application if deficiency symptoms are noticed. Fertilizers are preferably applied in two equal split doses (May and September), within 2 m diameter around the palm. Supply of sufficient quantities of green
leaf or compost is advantageous, especially where the soil is poor in
organic matter. More about fertilizer :
|
 |
|
|
|
|
Harvesting
An oil palm fruit bunch contains several hundred fruits which do not ripen all at the same time. The period between the first ripen fruit and the time at which all fruits of a bunch are ripen is 18 to 20days. The manager of an oil palm plantation can control ripeness in two ways: 1) ensure that the frequency of harvesting in any one area is kept sufficiently high to eliminate over-ripening and the resulting high FFA 2) by setting a standard number of detached ripe fruit per bunch below which bunches are not harvested, this ensure that under-ripe bunches, which would reduce oil yield, are not cut.
|
| Sabah Oil Palm Plantations The palm oil plantations covering more than 700,000 hectares in East Sabah where suitable agricultural land are available . Sabah's agriculture land has the highest yield of oil palm fresh fruit bunch per hectare. Sabah's Oil Palm Sector is mainly confined to the primary processing of oil palm. Presently, there are 58 palm oil mills in Sabah producing crude palm oil , palm kernel oil and palm kernel cake. Only a small number of refineries producing higher value added oil palm products. The Oil Palm Sector is an important sector the economy. In terms of export earning, oil palm contributes more than 30 per cent of the total income from exports. In 1998, exports of palm oil reached a record of RM5 billion. Sabah is the largest producer of crude palm oil in Malaysia contributing 25% of the total production of crude palm oil in Malaysia. |
|
What is oil palm used for, where is oil palm planted & produced, where is the oil consumed? West African have traditionally used Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) to make foodstuffs, medicines, woven material and wine. Now the palm is planted in large-scale plantations throughout the tropics countries because it is used in commercial products like cooking oil, soap, cosmetics and margarine.
Oil from oil palm plant is edible and has now surpassed soybean oil as the most produced vegetable oil in the world. Palm Oil also processed into
soaps, washing powders and skin care products, medicines and the future biofuel. 1) Palm oil (from palm fruit) - This Crude Palm Oil (CPO) is the primary product derived from the red seeds of the oil palm 2) Palm Kernel oil (from the fruit seeds) - Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) from the fruit’s nut/seed is considered to be a secondary product and the Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) is used for animal feed mainly. Palm oil is high in saturated fats
and thus semi-solid at room temperature. Malaysia produced almost 50% of world palm oil production, while Indonesia produced 30%. World demand for palm oil has been increasing dramatically. Most of this palm oil was consumed in Asia. |
 |
|
| The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) produces palm oil and palm
kernel oil. It is a native of tropical Africa that is extensively planted
commercially in many other tropical countries. Palm oil is produced from the pulp of the fruit. The oil is light yellow to red in color and is rich in carotenes (the precursor of vitamin A) and Vitamin E. Palm kernel oil is produced from the seed. The oil is almost colorless and is used in making margarine, ice-cream and in the baking industry.
Oil palm is Sabah's largest agricultural crop
with over 1 million ha planted, almost all In the east coast. The Tawau and
Sandakan Residencies have about 436,000 ha and 592,000 ha respectively. |
|
EFB - Natural Solid Wastes : EFB (Empty Fruit Bunch) is solid waste generated in oil palm planted throughout Malaysia over 4 million hectares land, which remains unutilized commercially. |
 |
 |
|
|
 |
 |
|
| Different grades of oil quality are obtained from the pericarp and the kernel, with the pericarp oil used mainly for cooking oil, and the kernel oil used in processed foods. |
| For each hectare of oil palm, which is harvested year-round, the annual production averages 10 tones of fruit, which yields 3,000 kg of pericarp oil, and 750 kg of seed kernels, which yield 250 kg of high quality palm kernel oil as well as 500 kg of kernel meal. The meal is used to feed livestock. Some varieties have even higher productivities which has led to their consideration for producing the vegetable oil needed for biodiesel. |
| The African Oil Palm was introduced to Sumatra and the Malay area in the early 1900s; many of the largest
plantations of oil palms are now in this area, with Malaysia growing over 20,000 square
kilometers. Malaysia claims that in 1995 it was the world's largest producer
with 51% of world production. In this area, the destruction of natural rainforest to grow oil palm plantations is an issue of major environmental concern. West African oil palm today has become an international oil crop from its commercial plantation center in Malaysia and Indonesia. |
 |
|
|
Malaysia Palm Oil Exports To Major Countries
(TONES)
|
||||
|
Country |
Jan-May 2005 |
Jan-May 2006 |
Change |
Jan-Dec 2005 |
|
China |
1,104,280 |
1,138,234 |
33,954 |
2,961,489 |
|
EU-25 |
993,698 |
1,053,498 |
59,800 |
2,270,341 |
|
Pakistan |
334,980 |
293,742 |
-41,238 |
957,012 |
|
India |
412,203 |
157,067 |
-255,136 |
634,995 |
|
Egypt |
213,644 |
97,040 |
-116,604 |
608,816 |
|
USA |
221,343 |
269,968 |
48,625 |
559,941 |
|
Total |
3,280,148 |
3,009,549 |
-270,599 |
7,992,594 |
| Source : http://www.mpoc.org.my | ||||
| References CHEW, P.S., and E. PUSHPARAJAH 1988. Urea: experience in plantation tree crops in Malaysia. In: Pushparajah, E., Alias, H. and Bachik, A.T. (eds). Proc. Int. Symposium on Urea Technology and Utilization. Malaysian Society of Soil Science , Kuala Lumpur: 71-94. CHEW, P.S., KEE, K.K., QUAH, Y.T. and TEY, S.H. 1994. An integrated fertiliser management system for oil palm. Proc. IFA-FADINAP Regional Conference for Asia and Pacific 1994, Kuala Lumpur. FOSTER, H. L. 1982. The determination of oil palm fertilizer requirements in Peninsular Malaysia. Part II: Effect of different environments. PORIM Bulletin. No. 4: 46-56. FOSTER, H. L. and GOH, H. S. 1997. Fertilizer requirements of oil palm in West Malaysia. In International Developments in Oil Palm (D A Earp and W Newall, eds). Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur. 234-261. FOSTER, H. L. and M. TAYEB HJ DOLMAT. 1986. The effect of different methods of placement and frequency of application of fertilisers to oil palm on an inland soil in Peninsular Malaysia. PORIM Bulletin, No 12. GOH, K.J. and CHEW, P.S. 1995. Direct application of phosphate rocks to plantation tree crops in Malaysia. In: Dahanayake, K., Van Kauwenbergh, S.J. and Hellums, D.T. (eds). Proc. Int. Workshop on Direct Application of phosphate rocks and appropriate technology fertilisers in Asia: What Hinder Acceptance and Growth. IFDC, Kandy, Sri Lanka: 59-76. GOH, K.J., and CHEW, P.S. 1998. Ground magnesium limestone as a source of magnesium for mature oil palm on sandy soils in Malaysia. In : Jatmika, A., Bangun, D., Asmono, D., Sutarta, E.S., Pamin, K., Guritno, P., Prawirosukarto, S., Wahyono, T., Herawan, T., Hutomo, T., Darmosarkoro, W., Adiwiganda, Y.T. and Poeloengan Z. (eds). Proc. 1998 International Oil Palm Conference on Commodity of the past, today and the future: 347-362. GOH, K.J., TEO, C.B., CHEW, P.S. and CHIU, S.B. 1999. Fertiliser management in oil palm - agronomic principles and field practices. ISP Seminar on Fertilizer Management for oil palm plantations, Sandakan. HEW, C. K. and POON, Y. C. 1973. The effect of muriate of potash and bunch ash on yield and uptake of potassium and chlorine in oil palms on coastal soils. In Advances in Oil Palm Cultivation (R L Wastie and D A Earp, eds). Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur. 306-320. HEW, C. K. and TAM, T. K. 1971. Agronomy Annual Report for 1970. Harrisons and Crosfield Oil Palm Research Station, Banting, Malaysia. 174pp. KEE, K.K. and CHEW, P.S. 1996. Nutrient losses through surface runoff and soil erosion - implications for improved fertiliser efficiency in mature oil palms. In: Ariffin, D., Wahid, M.B. Rajanaidu, N., Tayeb D., Paranjothy, K., Cheah, S.C., Chang, K.C. and Ravigadevi, S. (eds). Proc. 1996 PORIM Int. Palm Oil Congress - Competitiveness for the 21st century. PORIM, K.L.: 153-169. NAZEEB, M. 1977. Agronomic practices to remain competitive in the oil palm industry. The Planter, 73 (859): 533-553 NG, S. K. 1977. Review of oil palm nutrition and manuring – scope for greater economy in fertilizer usage. In International Developments in Oil Palm (D A Earp and W Newall, eds). Malaysian Society of Soil Science, Kuala Lumpur. 209-233. SINASAMY, N.; PALANIAPPAN, S.; KAMAL ROL ZAMAN and SYED SOFI SYED OMAR. 1982. Sources of and response to nitrogen in oil palm cultivation. In Proceedings of Seminar on Nitrogen in Malaysia Agriculture. Malaysian Society of Soil Science, Kuala Lumpur. 167-188 TAN, B. T. 1988. Cost of palm oil production in major producing countries. In Proceedings of 1987 International Oil Palm Conference – Agriculture (Halim et al., eds). Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 39-70 TANG, M. K.; NAZEEB, M. and LOONG, S. G. 1999. An Insight into fertilizer types and application methods in Malaysian Oil Palm Plantations. The Planter, 75 (876): 115-137 TARMIZI, A. M.; TAYEB, M. D.; FOSTER, H. C.; HAMDAN, A. B. and KHALID, H. 1993. Relative efficiency of urea to sulphate of ammonia in oil palm: Yield response and environmental factors. In Proceeding of 1991 PORIM International Oil Palm Conference - ‘Progress, Prospects and Challenges Towards the 21st Century’ (Y Basiron et al., eds). Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 340-348 |
|
|
| INDEX : New Oil Palm | August 04, 2011 02:03:34 PM |
|
